What is a 'Formative Assessment' (Formative Lernkontrolle) in practical driver education?

1. Ongoing, diagnostic evaluations during lessons used to provide continuous feedback, identify learning deficits, and adapt future lesson planning to student needs
2. The final official cantonal practical driving examination (Führerprüfung)
3. A written multiple-choice test taken at the motor vehicle registry
4. A medical fitness check conducted by an eye specialist