How does carrying standing passengers ('standees') on a small bus that is not designed or approved for standees affect the vehicle's safety?

1. It has no impact if the passengers hold onto the seats
2. It raises the vehicle's center of gravity, increases roll-over risk, and violates passenger safety capacity regulations
3. It improves braking performance by adding weight to the rear axle
4. It is permitted during peak commuter hours under Alberta provincial rules