What reports are always required when on an IFR approach not in radar contact?

Answer: A — Leaving FAF inbound or outer marker inbound and missed approach.

When operating under Instrument Flight Rules (IFR) and not in radar contact, certain position reports are vital for maintaining situational awareness and ensuring safety during the approach phase. The correct requirement focuses on reporting when the aircraft is leaving the Final Approach Fix (FAF) inbound and when beginning the missed approach procedure. Reporting leaving the FAF inbound provides air traffic control (ATC) with critical information indicating that the aircraft is committed to the approach procedure and is actively descending toward the runway. This helps ATC anticipate the aircraft's position relative to the runway and adjust their operations accordingly. In addition, if a missed approach occurs, reporting that action is crucial. It informs ATC that the aircraft could not land and is executing a standard missed approach, which can affect the traffic flow in the area and prompt ATC to provide further instructions or clear other aircraft in the vicinity. The other options include reporting parameters that are either redundant or unnecessary for ATC awareness during non-radar approaches. Thus, by focusing on the necessary reports for both leaving the FAF and executing the missed approach, the selected answer encapsulates the key components of communication essential for safety and efficiency in IFR operations outside radar coverage.