A fully loaded Class II intercity bus traveling at 50 km/h (13.89 m/s) on a dry asphalt road carries standing passengers. If an emergency stop requires a deceleration rate of 6.0 m/s², what is the braking distance (excluding reaction time), and what is the risk to standing passengers?

1. Braking distance is approx. 16.1 meters; standing passengers will be thrown violently forward with forces exceeding their physical grip threshold
2. Braking distance is 45.5 meters; standing passengers will experience no force displacement
3. Braking distance is 2.5 meters; passengers are completely protected by the low vehicle center of gravity
4. Braking distance is 80.0 meters; the retarder eliminates all forward inertial forces