A contracting business uses a 12,000 kg tractor with a design speed of 40 km/h and a tipping trailer for commercial construction haulage, entirely outside agriculture and forestry. Which driving licence class does the driver need?

1. Category C plus CE, because any commercial haulage automatically moves the vehicle into the heavy goods classes
2. Category F, because the licence class follows the vehicle type and design speed, not the purpose of the journey
3. Category B, because the driver is not carrying passengers
4. Category C1E, because the combination exceeds 3,500 kg