According to ICAO PANS-ATM phraseology, what is the operational distinction between 'CLEARED [STAR]' and 'DESCEND VIA [STAR]'?

1. There is no operational difference; both mean the aircraft must maintain its current altitude
2. 'CLEARED [STAR]' authorizes lateral navigation along the STAR only, whereas 'DESCEND VIA [STAR]' authorizes the aircraft to descend to comply with all published vertical and speed constraints on the STAR
3. 'CLEARED [STAR]' authorizes immediate landing, while 'DESCEND VIA [STAR]' instructs the aircraft to enter a holding pattern
4. 'DESCEND VIA [STAR]' requires the pilot to cancel IFR and proceed visually