Bahrain's Traffic Law lists, among the acts punishable by a fine of BD 50 to BD 100, driving a vehicle that drops objects from its load onto the road. Why does the driver, rather than the loading crew, carry that responsibility?

1. Because the loading crew is exempt by statute from all liability
2. Because the Traffic Law addresses its duties to the driver of the vehicle on the public road, and Article 68 of the Implementing Regulation requires the load to be stowed and lashed so that nothing can move, fall or be emitted while under way
3. Because insurance policies always exclude the consignor
4. Because a load cannot shift once the vehicle is moving