According to COLREGs Rule 8 (Action to Avoid Collision), how should an alteration of course or speed be made to resolve a collision risk?

1. It must be positive, made in ample time, and large enough to be readily apparent to the other vessel observing visually or by radar (avoiding small successive course changes)
2. It should consist of a series of small 2-degree alterations to avoid disturbing passengers
3. It should only be made at the last possible moment within 100 meters of the other vessel
4. It must always be accompanied by reversing engines immediately to dead stop