A learner is involved in a minor collision during a lesson while driving the instructor's dual-control car. Regarding responsibility for the vehicle's roadworthiness and the conduct of the lesson, the law and professional practice treat the primary responsibility as resting with:

1. The learner, because they were steering
2. The vehicle manufacturer
3. The instructor, as the supervising professional responsible for the vehicle's condition and for safe management of the lesson
4. No one, because it was an accident